024 - How to Create a Wildlife-Friendly Yard

Habitat can be hard to come by for wildlife in urban areas. A wildlife-friendly yard provides food, water, cover, and a safe place to rear young.

Food

Native forbs, shrubs and trees provide food for wildlife and birds with their foliage, nectar, pollen, fruit (berries, seeds, nuts, etc.), and bark. You can select the landscape plants that will attract the birds and other wildlife you want to encourage from the list at the end of this fact sheet. When food is scarce in winter it can be helpful to place feeders for birds in your yard to supplement naturally occurring food. You can also attract butterflies to your yard by supplementing their food sources. Mix 9 parts water to 1 part sugar, pour the mixture over cut up old, mushy fruit–oranges, peaches or pears–on a plate and suspend the plate high in a tree to prevent unwanted wildlife from disturbing the feeder. Hummingbirds are attracted to red, tubular flowers and feeders can provide food when flowering species are scarce. Information on hummingbird feeders, nectar recipes and the importance of maintaining clean feeders can be found online.

Homemade Fat Cakes for Birds
Bird eating a homemade fat cake
Warm 1 part fat (lard or suet) in a heavy-bottomed pan, then mix in 2 parts dry mix (any combination of bird seed, cornmeal, unsalted seeds and nuts) and stir. Poke a hole in the bottom of a single serving yogurt cup, thread string through the hole, and press the warm suet mixture into the cup around the string. Place filled cups in the freezer and when hardened, cut the yogurt cup away and hang the cake in a tree. Kitchen scraps, such as bits of fruit or vegetables, may be used in the fat cake, but avoid salty items such as salted nuts or bacon. Unsalted peanut butter may be added to the mixture along with equal parts dry mix. You can also collect large pine cones, tie a string to one end, press fat mixture onto the cone, and suspend from a tree.

Water

Water basin

Installing a water source in your yard is a simple way to benefit wildlife and birds. Clean water is essential but often not available in the arid West. Provide water in a bird bath or other water feature. Anything that will hold water will work, like a hubcap or a similar shallow basin. Remember to clean the water source weekly and change the water two to three times a week.

Cover

Birds and other wildlife require cover to be safe from predators, weather, and people. Increasing plant structure between the ground and tree canopies with shrubs and non-woody plants is called vertical layering. By creating a multi-layered vegetation structure in your yard, you can provide cover for a variety or birds, other wildlife, and insects. Choose native plant species when possible (see list at the end of this fact sheet). When pruning vegetation and mowing your lawn, let some areas or branches go uncut. They will provide seeds and cover for small species such as insects, frogs, and other amphibians.

Safe Place to Rear Young

It takes a lot of energy for wildlife to successfully rear young in the wild. This effort increases when safe nesting spots are scarce. You can ease some of this pressure for nesting species by placing birdhouses, bat boxes or nest boxes in your yard. 

Woodpeckers, nuthatches, creepers and wrens require cavities for nesting. Leaving dead snags on the landscape will benefit these species, although large snags can be dangerous. To determine the best birdhouse design to incorporate into your yard, see recommendations from the National Wildlife Federation. Type “birdhouse” in the search feature.

You can contribute to a long-standing database on birds currently being collected by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Visit nestwatch.org and record the species you observe every day.

Wildlife-friendly Fences

Ranch Fences

Fences are an important part of any yard or landscape. They are necessary for determining property boundaries, controlling trespass, and in the case of farmers and ranchers, enclosing pastures.

Residential Fences

The most important factor to consider when constructing or retrofitting the fence in your yard is ensuring that it is visible to birds and other wildlife. When fences are difficult to see, wildlife can collide or become caught in them. If you have a wire fence in your yard, consider placing a wood rail or PVC pipe on top to increase visibility and safety for jumping deer. Many decorative fence designs can be hazards to deer or other ungulates. Fences with sharp tips should be avoided if possible. Wildlife- and bird-friendly options include chain-link, post and rail, post and pole, or board fences. You can even create a vegetative barrier with shrubs and/or small trees. Good yard barrier shrub species include thimbleberry, raspberry, blackberry, snowberry, wild rose, Oregon-grape, barberry, and firethorn.

Sharp-tipped fences, like the one in the first image, can pose danger to jumping deer and other wildlife. A wildlife-friendly fence example is in the second image.

Are bats good for your yard? Bats are the only true flying mammal in the world. Eighteen bat species exist in Utah. Of these only three exist in urban landscapes: the little brown bat, the big brown bat, and the Brazilian free-tailed bat. Their diet consists primarily of beetles, mosquitoes, moths, wasps, and midges. A single little brown bat can consume up to 1,000 mosquito-sized insects in just one hour. Maintaining healthy bat populations benefits ecosystems because bats pollinate flowers and crops, eat some of the most damaging agricultural insects, and disperse a wide variety of seeds. Bat populations are declining almost everywhere due to pesticides, insecticides, habitat degradation, and cave disturbances. You can easily build a bat house (see Bat Conservation International) and give these important mammals a place to live. Incorporating a bat house into your yard can help reduce pests and ensure that these important mammals have a safe place to rear their young.

Too many deer in your yard already? Every year, especially in the winter, wildlife agencies receive complaints from people that deer are eating the vegetation in their yard. There are many aspects to the complex problem, but one thing that most parties agree on is the need to improve native deer habitat. Focusing on boosting the quality of native deer habitat will likely deter deer from seeking forage in the yards and gardens of urban and suburban residents living along the Wasatch Front and elsewhere. See our factsheet here for more information about deer in landscapes.

Natives are best: Why go native? Native plants are hardy to local growing and soil conditions. Native species are more likely to be healthy and to require fewer chemical treatments and less maintenance and water than non-native species. Choosing native plants will benefit birds, other wildlife and insects, and in the long run will ultimately save time and resources. It’s important to know what is native to your particular site. Quaking aspen, for example, is native to Utah’s mountains, but not to low elevations where most people live. It does not do well in hot, dry, low-elevation sites.

Plant List for Wildlife-friendly Landscaping

The following table does not include all appropriate plants and may include plants that are not suitable for your particular situation. Learn about what the plant needs and where it can be grown well by looking through the references at the end of this fact sheet.

Plants and the Species They Benefit

Plant Type Common Name Scientific Name Hummingbirds Bees Butterflies Birds Small Mammals
Herbaceous Perennials abelia Abelia spp.     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials ageratum, purple Ageratum spp.     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials alyssum, sweet Lobularia maritima ✔        
Herbaceous Perennials aster, Frikart’s Aster x frikartii     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials bee balm, scarlet Monarda didyma ✔ ✔ ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials beeplant, Rocky Mountain Cleome serrulata   ✔      
Herbaceous Perennials black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials bluebeard Caryopteris divaricata     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials buckwheat, sulphurflower Eriogonum umbellatum   ✔ ✔   ✔
Herbaceous Perennials butterfly weed Asclepias tuberosa     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials cardinal flower Lobelia cardinalis     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials catnip Nepeta cataria     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials columbine Aquilegia spp. ✔ ✔      
Herbaceous Perennials coneflower, purple Echinacea purpurea   ✔ ✔ ✔  
Herbaceous Perennials coralbells Heuchera sanguinea ✔        
Herbaceous Perennials coreopsis, giant Coreopsis gigantea ✔   ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials coreopsis, threadleaf Coreopsis verticillata     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials daisy, Shasta Leucanthemum x superbum     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials dandelion Taraxacum officinale ✔   ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials desert lavender Hyptis emoryi ✔ ✔ ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials dill Anethum graveolens     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials evening primrose, white-tufted Oenothera caespitosa     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials four o’clock Mirabilis multiflora ✔        
Herbaceous Perennials foxglove Digitalis spp. ✔        
Herbaceous Perennials gilia, scarlet Ipomposis aggregata ✔        
Herbaceous Perennials goldenrod Solidago spp.   ✔ ✔   ✔
Herbaceous Perennials hyssop, anise or blue giant Agastache foeniculum ✔ ✔ ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials Indian paintbrush, narrowleaf Castilleja linariifolia ✔        
Herbaceous Perennials larkspur Delphinium spp. ✔   ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials lemon balm Melissa officinalis     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials lily, tiger Lilium lancifolium ✔        
Herbaceous Perennials lupine Lupinus perennis     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials marigold, French Tagetes patula     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials milkweed Asclepias spp.     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials mint Mentha spp.   ✔ ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials parsley Petroselinum crispum     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials penstemon, firecracker Penstemon eatonii ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Herbaceous Perennials phlox, garden Phlox paniculata ✔   ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials prairie clover, western Dalea ornata   ✔ ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis     ✔ ✔  
Herbaceous Perennials sage Salvia officinalis ✔   ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials speedwell Veronica spp. ✔        
Herbaceous Perennials sunflower Helianthus annuus       ✔  
Herbaceous Perennials sweet William Dianthus barbatus ✔   ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials thistle, New Mexico Cirsium neomexicanum   ✔ ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials thyme Thymus praecox     ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials trumpet, hummingbird Epilobium canum ✔ ✔      
Herbaceous Perennials valerian, red Centranthus ruber   ✔ ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials yarrow, common Achillea millefolium   ✔ ✔   ✔
Herbaceous Perennials yucca, red Hesperaloe parviflora ✔   ✔    
Herbaceous Perennials zinnia, narrowleaf Zinnia angustifolia     ✔    
Shrubs acacia, catclaw Acacia greggii   ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Shrubs Apache plume Fallugia paradoxa       ✔ ✔
Shrubs bitterbrush Purshia tridentata   ✔   ✔ ✔
Shrubs buffaloberry, roundleaf Sheperdia rotundifolia       ✔ ✔
Shrubs buffaloberry, silver Sheperdia argentea   ✔      
Shrubs butterflybush, woolly Buddleia marrubiifolia ✔ ✔ ✔    
Shrubs chokecherry Prunus virginiana   ✔ ✔ ✔  
Shrubs cinquefoil, shrubby Potentilla fruticosa   ✔ ✔    
Shrubs cliffrose Purshia mexicana         ✔
Shrubs creosotebush Larrea tridentata   ✔   ✔ ✔
Shrubs currant, golden Ribes aureum ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Shrubs dalea, Gregg Dalea greggii   ✔ ✔    
Shrubs dogwood, redosier Cornus sericea     ✔ ✔  
Shrubs elderberry, blue Sambucus caerulea   ✔   ✔ ✔
Shrubs fernbush Chamaebatiaria millefolium   ✔ ✔    
Shrubs greasewood Sarcobatus vermiculatus         ✔
Shrubs honeysuckle, Utah Lonicera utahensis       ✔ ✔
Shrubs indigo bush Amorpha fruticosa   ✔ ✔    
Shrubs lilac Syringa vulgaris     ✔    
Shrubs mesquite, western honey Prosopis glandulosa   ✔      
Shrubs mockorange Philadelphus lewisii ✔   ✔ ✔  
Shrubs Mormon tea Ephedra viridis       ✔ ✔
Shrubs mountain-mahogany, alderleaf Cercocarpus montanus     ✔ ✔ ✔
Shrubs oak, shrub live Quercus turbinella       ✔ ✔
Shrubs rabbitbrush, yellow Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus     ✔ ✔ ✔
Shrubs rose, Woods’ Rosa woodsii   ✔   ✔ ✔
Shrubs sage, fringed Artemisia frigida     ✔ ✔ ✔
Shrubs sage, purple Poliomintha incana   ✔ ✔    
Shrubs sage, sand Artemisia filifolia   ✔   ✔ ✔
Shrubs sagebrush, big Artemisia tridentata       ✔ ✔
Shrubs sagebrush, silver Artemisia cana       ✔ ✔
Shrubs saltbush, four-wing Atriplex canescens       ✔ ✔
Shrubs sand cherry, western Prunus besseyi   ✔ ✔    
Shrubs serviceberry, Utah Amelanchier utahensis       ✔ ✔
Shrubs skunkbush Rhus trilobata       ✔ ✔
Shrubs snowberry, common Symphoricarpos albus       ✔ ✔
Shrubs stretchberry Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens   ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Shrubs sumac Rhus spp.     ✔ ✔ ✔
Shrubs viburnum Viburnum spp.     ✔   ✔
Shrubs willow Salix spp.       ✔ ✔
Shrubs willow, sandbar Salix interior       ✔ ✔
Shrubs winterfat Krascheninnikovia lanata       ✔ ✔
Shrubs yucca, soap tree Yucca elata     ✔   ✔
Trees alder Alnus spp. ✔        
Trees alder, gray Alnus incana       ✔ ✔
Trees alder, thinleaf Alnus tenuifolia ✔     ✔ ✔
Trees ash, singleleaf Fraxinus anomala       ✔ ✔
Trees birch, water Betula occidentalis ✔     ✔ ✔
Trees catalpa, southern Catalpa bignoniodes ✔        
Trees cottonwood, Fremont Populus fremontii       ✔ ✔
Trees cottonwood, narrowleaf Populus angustifolia       ✔ ✔
Trees desert-willow Chilopsis linearis ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔  
Trees Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii       ✔ ✔
Trees fir, subalpine Abies lasiocarpa       ✔ ✔
Trees hawthorn, Douglas Crataegus douglasii   ✔ ✔ ✔  
Trees horsechestnut Aesculus hippocastanum ✔       ✔
Trees juniper, Utah Juniperus osteosperma       ✔ ✔
Trees locust, black Robinia pseudoacacia ✔ ✔ ✔    
Trees locust, New Mexico Robinia neomexicana ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Trees maple, bigtooth Acer grandidentatum       ✔ ✔
Trees mountain-mahogany, curlleaf Cercocarpus ledifolius       ✔ ✔
Trees mountainash, Greene Sorbus scopulina       ✔  
Trees mesquite, velvet Prosopis velutina   ✔   ✔ ✔
Trees oak, gambel Quercus gambelii     ✔ ✔ ✔
Trees pine, pinyon Pinus edulis       ✔ ✔
Trees pinyon, singleleaf Pinus monophylla   ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Trees spruce Picea spp.       ✔ ✔
Vines grape, Arizona Vitis arizonica       ✔ ✔
Vines honeysuckle, twinberry Lonicera involucrata ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔  
Vines trumpet creeper Campsis radicans ✔   ✔    

Photo Credits by Appearance in Article

  1. Flickr user “Dendroica cerulea”
  2. Flickr user “Nieve44/Luz"
  3. Flickr user “DieselDemon”
  4. Flickr user “Alexcion”

Photos are licensed under the Creative Commons 2.0 Attribution License

Resources

Many resources are available for people interested in designing and maintaining landscapes for wildlife. These include:

Published December 2013.