001 - Species Ratings for Landscape Tree Appraisal in Utah
Species Ratings and the Trunk Formula Method
The dollar value of a landscape tree occasionally needs to be determined for insurance purposes, condemnation, real estate transactions, or tree inventories. For larger trees the trunk formula method often is used for establishing these values. This method starts with calculation of a basic value and adjusts that value for the species, condition, and location of the tree.
This fact sheet establishes species ratings for nearly all trees likely to be found in the Intermountain West, with a particular focus on Utah. These species ratings are for use with the trunk formula method of tree appraisal. These ratings are not to be used with the replacement cost method since they are already reflected in the cost of the replacement tree.
The complete tree appraisal procedure is described in detail in the “Guide for Plant Appraisal” prepared by the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers and published by the International Society of Arboriculture (9th edition, available from ISA, P.O. Box 3129, Champaign, IL 61826; phone (217) 355-9411.
Uses and Limitations
Species ratings in this guide are given by Latin name and common name and are expressed as percentages, with a maximum possible value of 100% and a minimum value of 5%. Latin names are used to keep like species together in the table. These ratings are subjective, based on a tree’s adaptability to environmental factors, growth characteristics, aesthetics, maintenance needs, structural qualities, longevity, and allergenic properties.
Each species is given a rating range of about 10 to 20 points, within which most trees of that species will likely fall. Ratings should be adjusted within or even outside of the given range if local conditions require. For example, a species planted on a site where it is poorly adapted might get a lower rating, and an otherwise poor species planted in an especially harsh area where nothing else will do well might get a higher rating. Species ratings should be based only on overall species-related factors, without regard to condition or location factors that are tied to a specific tree and its site. Note that fringetrees (Chionanthus spp.) and ashes (Fraxinus spp.) are at risk if the emerald ash borer makes it to Utah, but it hasn't yet, so their ratings are unaffected for now.
These species ratings and the related appraisal methods generally are for trees in cultivated or developed landscapes where the tree lends considerable aesthetic and functional contribution to the site. They generally should not be used for appraising trees in undeveloped, unpopulated rural areas. Such trees may be better evaluated using forest/timber appraisal techniques. Better appraisal techniques also exist for shrubs, windbreak trees in rural, non-residential situations, and for appraisal of orchard trees or Christmas trees.
Knowledge is Essential
Appraisal of landscape trees and adjustment of the species ratings included in this fact sheet should only be done by persons who are experts in use of the appraisal techniques. These persons also must be knowledgeable about species involved, site conditions, and about trees and tree biology.
The species ratings in this fact sheet are based on the knowledge and opinions of the author and of several experts involved in community forestry in the area. We welcome input and advice. Contact Mike Kuhns, Extension Forester, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, or send e-mail to mike.kuhns@usu.edu.
Other Appraisal Factors
The following factors are needed for conducting tree appraisals (see the “Guide to Plant Appraisal”) and were derived from a 2018 survey of nurseries in Utah. They will change regularly. For up-to-date figures, or for other community forestry assistance, contact the Utah Community Forest Council.
- Largest commonly available transplantable tree size – the average size (caliper) of the largest normally available tree: 2.17 inch trunk caliper (3.70 square inches)
- Replacement cost – the cost to buy the largest normally available tree (see above), including warranty: $266
- Installation cost – including delivery ($81) and planting ($133): $214
- Installed tree cost – including tree, delivery, and planting: $480 – note: 2/3s of respondents do not offer planting
- Unit tree cost – the cost per square inch of trunk area (not including installation): $72 per square inch
- Wholesale tree cost – the wholesale cost to buy the largest normally available tree for the surveyed nurseries (generally reflects a discount given to landscapers): $219
Species Ratings
| Tree Type | Botanical Name (^ Utah Native; ~ may be a noxious weed) | Common Name | Rating (* often shrubby) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Abies concolor^ | white or concolor fir | 75 to 95% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Abies lasiocarpa^ | subalpine or alpine fir | 60 to 80% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Calocedrus degurrens, Libocedrus decurrens | incense-ceder | 75 to 95% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Cedrus atlantica, deodara, libani, etc. | true cedars | 90 to 100% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Chamaecyparis obtusa | Hinoki falsecypress • Hinoki cypress | 75 to 95% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Cupressus arizonica | Arizona cypress | 75 to 95% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Cupressus sempervirens | Italian cypress | 75 to 95% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Ginkgo biloba | ginkgo • maidenhair tree (male only; female 10 to 30%) | 90 to 100% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Juniperus chinensis, osteosperma^, scopulorum^, virginiana, etc. | junipers | 55 to 75% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Larix decidua, kaempferi, etc. | larches | 80 to 100% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Metasequoia glyptostroboides | dawn redwood | 80 to 100% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Picea abies | Norway spruce | 75 to 95% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Picea engelmanni^ | Engelmann spruce | 70 to 90% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Picea glauca | white or Black Hills spruce | 75 to 95% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Picea glauca 'Conica' | dwarf Alberta spruce | 50 to 70%* |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Picea omorika | Serbian spruce | 75 to 95% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Picea pungens^ | blue or Colorado blue spruce | 75 to 95% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus bungeana | lacebark pine | 90 to 100% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus contorta^ | lodgepole pine | 60 to 80% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus densiflora | Japanese red pine | 70 to 90% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus edulis^ | Pinyon • Colorado pinyon | 65 to 85% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus eldarica | Afghan pine | 70 to 90% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus flexilis^ | limber pine | 80 to 100% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus halepensis | Aleppo pine | 60 to 80% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus heldreichii | Bosnian pine | 70 to 90% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus longaevea^, aristata | bristlecone pine | 80 to 100% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus monophylla^ | singleleaf pinyon | 75 to 95% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus monticola | western white pine | 70 to 90% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus mugo | Mugo or Swiss mountain pine | 50 to 70%* |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus nigra | Austrian pine | 70 to 90% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus parviflora | Japanese white pine | 75 to 95% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus ponderosa^ | ponderosa pine | 70 to 90% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus strobiformis | southwestern white pine | 80 to 100% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus strubus | eastern white pine | 50 to 70% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus sylvestris | Scotch or Scots pine | 75 to 95% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus thunbergiana | Japanese black pine | 70 to 90% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pinus wallichiana | Himalayan or Bhutan pine | 70 to 90% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Pseudotsuga menziesii^ | Douglas-fir | 65 to 85% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Sequoiadendron giganteum | giant sequoia | 70 to 90% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Taxodium distichum | baldcypress | 80 to 100% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Thuja occidentalis | northern whitecedar • eastern arborvitae | 65 to 85% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Thuja or Platycladus orientalis | Oriental arborvitae | 45 to 65% |
| Gymnosperms (mostly with needle or scale foliage) | Thuja plicata | western redcedar | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer buergeranum | trident maple | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer campestre | hedge maple | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer ginnala | Amur maple • Ginnala maple | 50 to 70%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer glabrum^ | Rocky Mountain maple | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer grandidentatum^ | canyon or bigtooth maple | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer griseum | paperbark maple | 85 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer negundo^ | boxelder • ash-leaved maple • Manitoba maple | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer nigrum | black maple | 85 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer palmatum | Japanese maple | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer platanoides | Norway maple | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer pseudoplantanus | sycamore maple | 65 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer rubrum | red maple & Freeman hybrids | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer saccharinum | silver maple & Freeman hybrids | 40 to 60% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer saccharum | sugar maple | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer tataricum | Tatarian maple | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Acer truncatum | purpleblow or Shantung maple | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Aesulus california, glabra, hippocastanum | buckeyes, horsechestnuts | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Aesculus x carnea | red horsechestnut | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Ailanthus altissima | tree-of-heaven • ailanthus | 35 to 55% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Albizia julibrissin | mimosa • silk-tree • albizia | 65 to 85% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Alnus glutinosa | European or common alder | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Alnus tenufolia^ | thinleaf or mountain alder | 65 to 85% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Amelanchier anifolia^ | Saskatoon • western serviceberry | 75 to 95%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Amelanchier arborea | downy serviceberry | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Amelanchier x grandiflora | apple serviceberry | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Amelanchier utahensis^ | Utah serviceberry | 65 to 85%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Betula nigra | river birch | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Betula occidentalis^ | water or river birch | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Betula papyrifera | paper birch | 55 to 75% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Betula pendula | European white birch | 55 to 75% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Carpinus betulus | European hornbeam | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Carpinus caroliniana | American hornbeam • musclewood | 85 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Carya illinoensis | pecan | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Castenea mollissima | Chinese chestnut | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Catalpa bignonioides, speciosa, etc. | catalpas | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Celtis occidentalis | hackberry • common hackberry | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Celtis reticulata^ | netleaf hackberry | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Cercidiphyllum japonicum | Katsuratree | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Cercis canadensis | eastern redbud • Judas-tree | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Cercis occidentalis^ | Californa redbud • western redbud | 90 to 100%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Cercocarpus ledifolius^ | curlleaf mountain-mahogany | 70 to 90%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Chilopsis linearis^ | desertwillow | 45 to 65%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Chionanthus virginicus | fringetree • white fringetree | 0 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Cladrastis kentuckea or C. lutea | yellowwood | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Cornus alternifolia, florida, etc. | dogwoods | 65 to 85% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Cornus kousa | Kousa dogwood | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Cornus mas | pagoda or alternate leaf dogwood | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Corylus americana, colurna, cornuta, etc. | hazelnuts • filberts | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Cotinus coggygria, obovatus, etc. | smoketrees | 60 to 80%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Cowania mexicana^ | cliffrose • quininebush | 75 to 95%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Crataegus crusgalli, douglasii, laevigata, x lavallei, phaenopyrum, viridis, etc. | hawthorns | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Cydonia oblongata | quince | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Elaeagnus angustifolia~ | Russian-olive | 5 to 30% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Eriobotrya japonica | loquat | 60 to 80%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Fagus grandifolia, sylvatica, etc. | beechs | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Fraxinus americana | white ash | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Fraxinus anomala^ | singleleaf ash • dwarf ash | 70 to 90%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Fraxinus excelsior | European ash | 35 to 55% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Fraxinus pennsylvanica | green ash | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Fraxinus quadrangulata | blue ash | 65 to 85% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Fraxinus velutina^ | velvet ash • Modesto ash | 40 to 60% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | ledistria triacanthos | honeylocust | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Gymnocladus dioicus | Kentucky coffeetree | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Ilex opaca | American holly | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Juglans cinerea, major, nigra, regia | walnuts and butternut | 65 to 85% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Koelreuteria paniculata | goldenraintree | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Laburnum x watereri | goldenchain tree • Waterer laburnum | 65 to 85% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Lagerstroemia indica | crapemyrtle | 65 to 85%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Liquidambar styraciflua | sweetgum • American sweetgum | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Liriodentron tulipfera | yellow-poplar • tuliptree • tulip-poplar | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Maclura pomifera | Osage-orange | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Magnolia acuminata, grandiflora, kobus, x loebneri, x soulangiana, stellata, etc. | magnolias | 75 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Malus pumila | apple | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Malus spp. | crabapple | 65 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Melia azedarach | Chinaberry | 30 to 50% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Morus alba, rubra, etc. | mulberries | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Ostrya knowltonii^ | Knowlton hophornbeam | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Ostrya virginians | Eastern hophornbeam • ironwood | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Phellodendron amurense | Amur corktree | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Pistacia chinesis, vera | pistachio, pistache | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Platanus x acerifolia, occidentalis | planetrees, sycamores | 65 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Populus x acuminata | lanceleaf cottonwood | 40 to 60% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Populus alba | white poplar | 40 to 60% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Populus angustifolia^ | narrowleaf cottonwood | 40 to 60% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Populus balsamifera^ | balsam poplar | 45 to 65% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Populus x canadensis | Carolina poplar and other hybrid poplars | 40 to 60% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Populus candicans | balm-of-Gilead | 45 to 65% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Populus deltoides | eastern cottonwood | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Populus fremontii^ | Fremont cottonwood | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Populus nigra var. italica | Lombardy poplar | 35 to 55% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Populus tremuloides^ | quaking or trembling aspen | 45 to 65% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Populus trichocarpa^ | black cottonwood | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Prosopis glandulosa^ or P. juliflora | honey mesquite | 60 to 80%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Prunus armeniaca | apricot | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Prunus avium | wweet cherry • Mazzard | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Prunus cerasifera | purpleleaf plum • cherry plum • Myrobalan plum | 45 to 65% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Prunus cerasus | sour cherry | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Prunus domestica | common plum | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Prunus padus | European bird cherry • May Day tree | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Prunus persica | peach | 40 to 60% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Prunus sargentii | Sargent cherry | 65 to 85% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Prunus serrulata | Japanese flowering or Oriental cherry | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Prunus subhirtella | Higan cherry | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Prunus virginiana^ | common chokecherry | 55 to 75%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Prunus x yedoensis | Yoshino cherry | 70 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Ptelea angustifolia^ | common hoptree • water-ash • western hoptree | 70 to 90%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Pyrus calleryana | Callery pear (wide variation by cultivar; 'Bradford' 50 to 70%) | 65 to 90% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Pyrus communis | common pear | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Pyrus ussuriensis | Ussurian pear | 65 to 85% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus acutissima | sawtooth oak | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus alba | white oak | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus bicolor | swamp white oak | 90 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus cerris | turkey oak | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus gambelii^ | Gambel, scrub, or Rocky Mountain white oak | 70 to 90%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus imbricaria | shingle or laurel oak | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus macrocarpa | bur or mossycup oak | 90 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus muehlenbergii | chinkapin oak | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus palustris | pin oak | 35 to 55% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus robur | English oak | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus rubra | northern red oak | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus shumardii | Shumard oak | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus turbinella^ | shrub live oak | 65 to 85%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Quericus undulata^ | wavyleaf oak | 65 to 85%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Robinia x ambigua | Idaho flowering locust | 40 to 60% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Robinia neomexicana^ | New Mexican locust | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Robinia pseudoacacia | black locust | 40 to 60% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Salix amygdaloides^ | peachleaf willow | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Salix babylonica | weeping willow | 35 to 55% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Salix fragilis | crack willow | 30 to 50% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Salix matsudana | Hankow willow cultivars, including globe Navajo willow | 25 to 45% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Salix nigra | black willow | 40 to 60% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Sambucus cerulea^ | blue elder | 60 to 80%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Sophora japonica | Japanese pagodatree • scholar-tree | 60 to 80% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Sorbus alnifolia | Korean mountain-ash | 55 to 75% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Sorbus americana | American mountain-ash | 50 to 70% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Sorbus aucuparia | European mountain-ash • Rowan | 45 to 65% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Sorbus scopulina^ | Greene mountain-ash | 60 to 80%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Syringa reticulata | Japanese tree lilac | 80 to 100% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Tamarix parviflora, ramosissima~ | tamarisk • salt-cedar | 5 to 20%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Tilia americana, cordata, x euchlora | lindens, basswoods | 65 to 85% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Tilia tomentosa | silver linden | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Ulmus americana | American or white elm | 35 to 65% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Ulmus glabra | Camperdown elm | 75 to 95% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Ulmus parvifolia | lacebark or Chinese elm | 65 to 85% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Ulmus procera | English elm • elm hybrids | 55 to 75% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Ulmus pumila | Siberian or Chinese elm | 25 to 45% |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Yucca brevifolia^ | Joshua-tree | 60 to 80%* |
| Angiosperms (mostly broadleaves) | Zelkova serrata | Japanese Zelcova | 65 to 85% |
Acknowledgments
I thank the Utah Community Forest Council for their support, and several anonymous reviewers who advised me on the species ratings. And thanks to the nurseries that contributed price and other data.
Updated June 2018.